{"id":69,"date":"2022-07-30T11:58:30","date_gmt":"2022-07-30T02:58:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/?page_id=69"},"modified":"2022-07-30T11:58:30","modified_gmt":"2022-07-30T02:58:30","slug":"%e3%80%8c%e5%ad%a6%e7%bf%92%e3%80%8d%e3%81%b8%e3%81%ae%e3%80%8c%e5%b7%a5%e5%ad%a6%e7%9a%84%e3%82%a2%e3%83%97%e3%83%ad%e3%83%bc%e3%83%81%e3%80%8d","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/?page_id=69","title":{"rendered":"\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u3078\u306e\u300c\u5de5\u5b66\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u300d"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u5e73\u5d8b \u5b97<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e83\u5cf6\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u5de5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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70]\u306f\uff0c\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u610f\u5473\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u63d0\u6848[Quillian 68]\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u4eba\u3068\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3046\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6700\u3082\u521d\u671f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0eCarbonell\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306eSCHOLAR\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066”Information-Structure-Oriented CAI (Computer-Aided Instruction)<\/em>“\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u63d0\u5531\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306eCAI\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f”Frame-Oriented CAI<\/em>“\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u305f\uff0eFrame-Oriented<\/em>\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u96fb\u5b50\u5316\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a66\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\uff0cInformation-Structure-Oriented<\/em>\u306f\uff0c\u6559\u3048\u308b\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5b66\u3076\u3079\u304d\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u307e\u305a\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8996\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u305d\u306e\u4f1d\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u306e\u77e5\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u306e\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u77e5\u7684CAI\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u306b\u76f8\u5fdc\u3057\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\uff0eClancey\u306f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5b9f\u7528\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u30a8\u30ad\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308bMYCIN\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u6559\u6750\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a3a\u65ad\u6cd5\u306e\u6559\u6388\u3092\u884c\u3046GUIDON[Clancy 79]\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u77e5\u8b58\u69cb\u7bc9\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u518d\u69cb\u6210\uff08NEOMYCIN\uff09\u3068\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6559\u6388\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308bGUIDON2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3086\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30b7\u30a7\u30ebHERACLES\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f[Clancey 86]\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff63\u306b\u5de5\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3080\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3068\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u5de5\u5b66\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u63d0\u5531\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308bde Kleer\u3068Forbus\u306f\uff0c\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7cfb\u3092\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u5fdc\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u305f\uff0ede Kleer\u306f\u56de\u8def\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u540d\u306aSHOPIE\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u56de\u8def\u306e\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u52a9\u3051\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u751f\u6210\u6cd5\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b[de Kleer 81]\uff0eForbus\u306fSTEAMER\u3068\u3044\u3046\u84b8\u6c17\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u7528\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u8ffd\u53ca\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b[Forbus 81]*2<\/sup>\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3059\u308b\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u5b66\u7fd2\u5bfe\u8c61\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u767a\u30fb\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u307e\u305f\uff0cPapert\u306f,MINDSTORMS\uff1aChildren, Computers and Powerful Ideas[Papert 80]\u306e\u5e8f\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c”Anything is easy if you can assimilate it to your collection of models. If you can’t, anything can be painfully difficult (p. xix) “<\/em>\u3068\u8ff0\u3079, \u307e\u305f,\u201dLOGO’s Roots: Piaget and AI”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7ae0\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\uff0c”When knowledge can be broken up into “mind-size bites”, it is more communicable, more assimilable, more simply constructable(p. 171, paperback edition)<\/em>“\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0eMINDSORMS\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u60c5\u5831\u5de5\u5b66\uff0c\u7279\u306b\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u304c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u53ca\u304c\u968f\u6240\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u53ca\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u304f\u3064\u3092\u9644\u9332\u306b\u8a18\u8f09\u3059\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wenger\u306f\uff0c\u77e5\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u512a\u308c\u305f\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u3068\u3057\u3066”Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems \u2013 Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge”[Wenger 87]\u3092\u51fa\u7248\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u306e\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u70b9\u306f\uff0c\u77e5\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308bAI\u6280\u8853\u306e\u5fdc\u7528\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u526f\u984c\u306b\u3042\u308b\u201dKnowledge Communication\uff1a\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f1d\u9054”\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u7248\u306e\u76e3\u8a33\u8005\u5e8f\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u201d\uff08\u77e5\u7684CAI\/ITS\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u306f\uff0c\uff09\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\uff0c\u8a18\u61b6\uff0c\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e0d\u660e\u77ad\u306a\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u660e\u77ad\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\uff08\u305f\u3068\u3048\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u4eee\u8aac\u7684\u69cb\u9020\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\uff09\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u3092\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u5143\u3067\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u3057\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u73fe\u8c61\u3084\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u7a4d\u307f\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u3044\u3053\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b<\/em>\u201d\u3068\u7aef\u7684\u306b\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u306f\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u81ea\u8eab\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30b1\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3057\u3046\u308b\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u77e5\u7684CAI\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u304c\u3053\u306e\u5f53\u6642\u3059\u3067\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u5171\u6709\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6539\u3081\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046*3<\/sup>\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306e\u526f\u984c\u306e\u524d\u534a\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b”Computational and Cognitive Approaches”\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a,\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0cComputational\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3068\uff0cCognitive\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0eComputational\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3088\u308a\u5e83\u304f\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u6349\u3048\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3084\u6a5f\u80fd\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u3084\u305d\u306e\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u306b\u6709\u7528\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3057\u305f\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3068\u3057\u3066Computational\u3092\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066Cognitive\u306f\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\uff0c\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u59a5\u5f53\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u773c\u306b\u304a\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u89e3\u91c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u3068\u3082\u306b\u6e80\u305f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u304c\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u6700\u7d42\u30b4\u30fc\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3044\u3048\u3070\uff0c\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u512a\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\uff0c\u4ed6\u65b9\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304b\u3089\u307f\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u671f\u5f85\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u30b9\u30e2\u30fc\u30eb\u30b9\u30c6\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u9055\u3044\u304c\u9855\u8457\u306b\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff0eCognitive\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u5206\u91ce\u304c\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u3092\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3059\u3067\u306b\u7acb\u3061\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066Computational\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u5b66\u7fd2\u3078\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5229\u7528\u3078\u306e\u5408\u76ee\u7684\u6027\u3092\u91cd\u8996\u3059\u308b\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u300c\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3088\u304f\uff0c\u3053\u3053\u306b\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u306e\u300c\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u7b46\u8005\u306f\u307f\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u5148\u306b\uff0c\u77e5\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u521d\u671f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u306b\u76f8\u5fdc\u3057\u3044\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u95a2\u9023\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\uff0e\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u964d\u3082\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u7740\u5b9f\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u76f8\u5fdc\u306e\u6210\u679c\u3092\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c*6<\/sup>\uff0c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u307b\u3069\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3061\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304c\u73fe\u72b6\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306f\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u73fe\u5834\u306e\u53d7\u5165\u74b0\u5883\u304c\u6574\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u307e\u305f\u305d\u306e\u6574\u5099\u304c\u9032\u3080\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3084\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u6ce8\u529b\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3068\u308a\u3048\u3042\u305a\u306f\uff0c\u30de\u30eb\u30c1\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u5316\uff0c\u30a4\u30f3\u30bf\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u914d\u4fe1\uff0c\u306a\u3069\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u96fb\u5b50\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u884c\u3048\u3070\uff0c\u76f8\u5fdc\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u63a8\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff0eeLearning\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8449\u306e\u666e\u53ca\u304c\u793a\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u614b\u52e2\u304c\u6574\u3044\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u30fb\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8a08\u7b97\u6a5f\u5229\u7528\u304c\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3057\u305f\u73fe\u5728\uff0c\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u305d\u308c\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u5b66\u7fd2\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u30fb\u5b9f\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u884c\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5de5\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304c\u518d\u3073\u305d\u306e\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3068\u6709\u7528\u6027\u3092\u5897\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u25c7 \u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e \u25c7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[AIED2009] http:\/\/www.aied2009.com\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Carbonell 70] Carbonell, J. R.: Ai in CAI: an artificial intelligence approach to computer-assisted instruction. IEEE Transaction on Man- Machine Systems, Vol.11, No.4, pp.190-202(1970).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Clancey 79] Clancey W.J.: Tutoring Rules for Guiding a case method dialogues, International Journal Man-Machine Studies, Vol.11, pp.25-49(1979)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Clancey 86] Clancey W.J.: From GUIDON to NEOMYCIN and HERACLES in twenty short lessons: ONR final report 1979-1985, AI Magazine, Vol.7, No.3, pp40-60(1986),<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[de Kleer 81] de Kleer, J. and Brown, J.S.: Mental Models of Physical Mechanisms and Their Acquisition, Cognitive Skill and Their Acquisition, LEA, pp.285-309(1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Forbus 81] Forbus, K. and Stevens, A.L.: Using Qualitative Simulation to Generate Explanations, BBN report 5511(1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Forbus 02] Forbus, K.: Helping Children Become Qualitative Modelers, \u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\uff0cVol.17, No.4, pp.471-479(2002).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u5e73\u5d8b 04] \u5e73\u5d8b\u5b97\uff0c\u4e09\u8f2a\u548c\u4e45\uff08\u7de8\uff09\uff1a\u7279\u96c6\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u5b66\u7fd2\uff0f\u6559\u80b2\u652f\u63f4\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u60c5\u5831\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c, Vol.21, No.3, pp.143-192(2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u6c60\u7530 08] \u6c60\u7530\u6e80\uff1a\u5148\u9032\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u5de5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u52d5\u5411\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u5168\u56fd\u5927\u4f1a\u8b1b\u6f14\u96c6, 3M3-1(2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ITS2010] http:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/its2010home\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u67cf\u539f 06] \u67cf\u539f\u662d\u535a\uff0c\u4f0a\u6771\u5e78\u5b8f\uff08\u7de8\uff09\uff1a\u7279\u96c6\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6f6e\u6d41\u2015\u5b66\u7fd2\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u5de5\u5b66\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u300d\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\uff0cVol.21, No.1, pp.51-98(2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Lave 91] Lave, J. and Wenger, E.: Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press(1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u4e09\u8f2a 06]\u4e09\u8f2a\u548c\u4e45\uff1a\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u5de5\u5b66\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u30e1\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\uff0cVol.21, No.1, pp.53-57(2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u4e09\u5b85 08] \u4e09\u5b85\u306a\u307b\u307f\uff1a\u5354\u8abf\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u7fd2\u3068AI\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\uff0cVol.23, No.2, pp.174-183(2008).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u6e9d\u53e3 93] \u6e9d\u53e3\u7406\u4e00\u90ce\uff1a\u30b3\u30e9\u30e0\uff12\uff0d\u77e5\u7684CAI\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u52e7\u3081\uff0c\u30a8\u30ad\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0II\uff0d\u6280\u8853\u306e\u52d5\u5411\uff0cpp.48-49\uff0c\u671d\u5009\u66f8\u5e97(1993)\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Perpart 80] Papert S.: Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, Basic Books(1980)\uff08\u5965\u6751\u559c\u4e16\u5b50\u8a33\uff1a\u30de\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30e0\u2015\u5b50\u4f9b\uff0c\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\uff0c\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5f37\u529b\u306a\u30a2\u30a4\u30c7\u30a2\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u793e(1982)\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Quillian 68] Quillian, M.R.: Semantic Memory, Semantic Information Processing, pp.227-270, MIT Press(1968).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Wenger 87] Wenger, E.: Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems \u2013 Computational and Cognitive Approaches to the Communication of Knowledge, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers(1987).\uff08\u5ca1\u672c\u654f\u96c4\uff0c\u6e9d\u53e3\u7406\u4e00\u90ce\u76e3\u8a33\uff1a\u77e5\u7684CAI\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u2015\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u4f1d\u9054\u3078\u306e\u8a8d\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\uff0c\u30aa\u30fc\u30e0\u793e\uff081990\uff09\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25c7 \u811a\u6ce8 \u25c7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*1 \u672c\u7a3f\u306f\uff0c\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e\u539f\u7a3f\u3092\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e73\u5d8b\u5b97\uff1a\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u306e\u300c\u5de5\u5b66\u300d\u306b\u5411\u3051\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\uff0c24(1), pp.33.(2009).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5e73\u5d8b\u5b97\uff1a\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30de\u30c6\u30a3\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\uff1a\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u5de5\u5b66\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u3066\u300d\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\uff0c25(2),pp.237-239(2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*2 Forbus\u306f\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3082\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u7cbe\u529b\u7684\u306a\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u7aef\u306f\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1a\u8a8c\u306b\u5bc4\u7a3f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u89e3\u8aac[Forbus 02]\u3067\u3082\u3046\u304b\u304c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*3 Wenger\u306f\u3053\u306e\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u306e\u6570\u5e74\u5f8c\u306bLave\u3068\u5171\u8457\u3067\u72b6\u6cc1\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8457\u66f8\u3092\u51fa\u7248\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b [Lave 91]\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*4 \u500b\u4eba\u7684\u3067\u304b\u3064\u4e4f\u3057\u3044\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306f\u6559\u80b2\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306b\u3082\u8fd1\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u306e\u5370\u8c61\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u7b46\u8005\u3082\u4f5c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3092\u6559\u80b2\u73fe\u5834\u3067\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3046\u8a66\u307f\u3092\u6570\u5e74\u6765\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u7b46\u8005\u306e\u63a5\u3057\u305f\u6559\u5e2b\u306e\u65b9\u3005\u306f\uff0c\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3084\u7d71\u8a08\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u306f\u3042\u307e\u308a\u91cd\u304d\u3092\u7f6e\u304b\u305a\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u304c\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u751f\u5f92\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u6709\u7528\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u7684\u30fb\u76f4\u611f\u7684\u306b\u5224\u65ad\u3057\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u4fa1\u5024\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u898b\u6975\u3081\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\uff0e\u6559\u80b2\u73fe\u5834\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u591a\u69d8\u3067\u52d5\u7684\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6559\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u5de5\u592b\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\uff0c\u65e5\u3005\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5224\u65ad\u3068\u6c7a\u65ad\u3092\u4f34\u3046\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6559\u5e2b\u306e\u65b9\u3005\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u6027\u306b\u91cd\u304d\u3092\u304a\u3051\u3070\uff0c\u5148\u751f\u65b9\u306b\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u307f\u308b\u4fa1\u5024\u306e\u3042\u308b\u9053\u5177\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u5224\u65ad\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\uff0c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u3042\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5229\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u6642\u70b9\u3067\uff0c\u307e\u305a\u306f\u5b66\u7fd2\u5de5\u5b66\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u5341\u5206\u6210\u529f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff0e\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\uff0c\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u65b0\u898f\u6027\u304c\u4e3b\u5f35\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*5 http:\/\/home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp\/jsai-sig-alst\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

*6\u56fd\u5185\u3067\u306f\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u5b66\u4f1aALST\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\uff0c\u56fd\u969b\u4f1a\u8b70\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306fAIED(\u76f4\u8fd1\u3067\u306f\uff3bAIED2009\uff3d)\u304a\u3088\u3073ITS\uff08\u76f4\u8fd1\u3067\u306f\uff0c[ITS2010]\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7279\u306b\u6d3b\u767a\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25c7 \u9644\u9332 \uff08Mindstorms\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5f15\u7528\u25c7<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\uff0c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3067\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7684\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300c\u601d\u8003\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u8a8d\u8b58\u306b\uff0c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The aim of AI is to give concrete form to ideas about thinking that previously might have seemed abstract, even metaphysical.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In “Chapter 7 Logo’s Roots: Piaget and AI”, pp.157-158.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6211\u3005\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u5b66\u3076\u306e\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3088\u308a\u6df1\u3044\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\uff0e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u539f\u7406\u306f\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u95a2\u4fc2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u306b\u4e57\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304b\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0e\u30d4\u30a2\u30b8\u30a7\u306f\uff0c\u6570\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7406\u89e3\u3092\u6df1\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\uff0c\u5b50\u4f9b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u6570\u3092\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u5b66\u3076\u304b\u3092\u7406\u89e3\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3092\u6559\u3048\u305f\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What we have done here is understand a process of learning by acquiring deeper insight into what we being learned. Psychological principles had nothing to do with it. And just as what have understood how people ride bicycles by studying bicycles. Piaget has taught us that we should understand how children learn number through a deeper understanding of what number it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In “Chapter 7 Logo’s Roots: Piaget and AI”,pp.159.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u3092\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u30d6\u30ea\u30b3\u30e9\u30fc\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3044\u305f\u3044<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here, I am suggesting that in the most fundamental sence, we, as learners, are all bricoleurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In “Chapter 7 Logo’s Roots: Piaget and AI”,pp.159.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u203b\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u69cb\u7bc9\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08constructionism\uff09\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u30b7\u30fc\u30e2\u30a2\u30fb\u30d1\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u306f\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5206\u6790\u7684\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u624b\u6cd5\u3068\u306f\u6b63\u53cd\u5bfe\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5f7c\u306f\u6311\u6226\u3001\u8a66\u884c\u3001\u904a\u3073\u3092\u901a\u3057\u305f\u554f\u984c\u89e3\u6c7a\u3068\u5b66\u7fd2\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u30d6\u30ea\u30b3\u30e9\u30fc\u30b8\u30e5\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\uff08Wkipipedia)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u304c\u3088\u3044\u30d4\u30a2\u30b8\u30a7\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3092\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0e\u8ab0\u304c\u305d\u306e\u6750\u6599\u3092\u4f5c\u308b\u306e\u304b\uff0e\u305d\u306e\u4f5c\u308b\u4eba\u306e\u5c45\u5834\u6240\u304c\u306a\u3044\uff0e\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u8005\u306f\uff0c\u4e9b\u7d30\u306a\u554f\u984c\u3068\u898b\u308b\uff0e\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u306f\uff0c\u5c02\u9580\u7684\u904e\u304e\u3066\uff0c\u57fa\u6e96\u306b\u5408\u308f\u306a\u3044\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The people knowledge I see as necessary to the design of good Piagetian material is itself complex. \u2026\u2026..This problem goes deeper than more a mere short supply of such people. The fact that in the past there was no role for such people has been cast into social and institutional concrete; now there is a role but there is no place for them. In current professional definitions physicists think about how to do physics, educators think about how to teach it. There is no recognized place for people whose research is really physics, but physics oriented in directions that will be educationally meaningful. Such people are not particularly welcome in a physics department; their education goals serve to trivialize their work in the eyes of other physicist. Nor are they welcome in the education school — there, their highly technical language is not understood and their research criteria are out of step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(In Chapter 8: Images of the learning society, pp.187-188)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u30b5\u30a4\u30a8\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u3084\u601d\u8003\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3060\u3051\u7528\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u3084\u601d\u8003\u3092\u6539\u826f\u3059\u308b\u9053\u5177\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7528\u3044\u308b\uff0e<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeing ideas from computer science not only as instruments of explanation of how learning and thinking in fact do work, but also as instruments of change that might alter, and possibly improve, the way people learn and think.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

( In Afterword and Acknowledgments, pp.209.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u5e73\u5d8b \u5b97 \u5e83\u5cf6\u5927\u5b66\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u5de5\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u79d1 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93]\uff0e\u300c\u5b66\u7fd2\u300d\u3084\u300c\u6559\u6388\u300d\u306f\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u5b66\u969b\u7684\u306a\u9818\u57df\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u304b\u3089\u3082\u8907\u6570\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3048\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u30fb\u6559\u6388\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3068\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30de\u30c6\u30a3\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u6307\u5411\u3059\u308b\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u77e5\u7684\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u6982\u8aac\u3059\u308b*1\uff0e \u4eba\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u4e0a\u3067\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u305d\u306e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u306a\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3086\u304f\uff0c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a66\u307f\u306f\uff0c\u4eba\u5de5\u77e5\u80fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\uff0e\u6700\u521d\u306e\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\uff08\u77e5\u7684CAI \/ ITS\u3068\u3082\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308bSCHOLAR[Carbonell 70]\u306f\uff0c\u8a18\u61b6\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u610f\u5473\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u63d0\u6848[Quillian 68]\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3066\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u660e\u793a\u7684\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u69cb\u9020\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u4eba\u3068\u77e5\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u8a71\u3092\u884c\u3046\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u6700\u3082\u521d\u671f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff0eCarbonell\u306f\uff0c\u3053\u306eSCHOLAR\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066”Information-Structure-Oriented CAI (Computer-Aided Instruction)“\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u63d0\u5531\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306eCAI\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f”Frame-Oriented CAI“\u3068\u5bfe\u6bd4\u3057\u305f\uff0eFrame-Oriented\u3068\u306f\uff0c\u6559\u6388\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u30d5\u30ec\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u96fb\u5b50\u5316\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a66\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\uff0cInformation-Structure-Oriented\u306f\uff0c\u6559\u3048\u308b\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5b66\u3076\u3079\u304d\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u307e\u305a\u6700\u3082\u91cd\u8996\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u3067\u305d\u306e\u4f1d\u3048\u65b9\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u306e\u77e5\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u306e\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u660e\u78ba\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u77e5\u7684CAI\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u306b\u76f8\u5fdc\u3057\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\uff0eClancey\u306f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5b9f\u7528\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u6301\u3063\u305f\u30a8\u30ad\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308bMYCIN\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u6559\u6750\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a3a\u65ad\u6cd5\u306e\u6559\u6388\u3092\u884c\u3046GUIDON[Clancy 79]\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u77e5\u8b58\u69cb\u7bc9\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u518d\u69cb\u6210\uff08NEOMYCIN\uff09\u3068\u305d\u306e\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6559\u6388\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308bGUIDON2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u77e5\u8b58\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3057\u3066\u3086\u304f\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30b7\u30a7\u30ebHERACLES\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4e00\u9023\u306e\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u30fb\u958b\u767a\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f[Clancey 86]\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\uff0c\u300c\u77e5\u8b58\uff63\u306b\u5de5\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3080\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3068\u610f\u7fa9\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u70b9\u3067\uff0c\u77e5\u8b58\u5de5\u5b66\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff0e\u307e\u305f\uff0c\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u306e\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u63d0\u5531\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308bde Kleer\u3068Forbus\u306f\uff0c\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7cfb\u3092\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u306b\u5fdc\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u305f\uff0ede Kleer\u306f\u56de\u8def\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u652f\u63f4\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6709\u540d\u306aSHOPIE\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u56de\u8def\u306e\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u3092\u5b9a\u91cf\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306e\u52a9\u3051\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304d\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u751f\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u751f\u6210\u6cd5\u3092\u8003\u6848\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b[de Kleer 81]\uff0eForbus\u306fSTEAMER\u3068\u3044\u3046\u84b8\u6c17\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30c8\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u7528\u30b7\u30df\u30e5\u30ec\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u8ffd\u53ca\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b9a\u6027\u63a8\u8ad6\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b[Forbus 81]*2\uff0e\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\uff0c\u5b66\u7fd2\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3059\u308b\u8aac\u660e\u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u4eba\u306e\u5b66\u7fd2\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u5b66\u7fd2\u5bfe\u8c61\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u77e5\u8b58\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u767a\u30fb\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\uff0e \u307e\u305f\uff0cPapert\u306f,MINDSTORMS\uff1aChildren, Computers and Powerful Ideas[Papert 80]\u306e\u5e8f\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\uff0c”Anything is easy if you can assimilate it to your collection of models. If you can’t, anything can be painfully difficult (p. xix) “\u3068\u8ff0\u3079, \u307e\u305f,\u201dLOGO’s Roots: Piaget and AI”\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7ae0\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\uff0c”When […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_locale":"","_original_post":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=69"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":70,"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/69\/revisions\/70"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.learning-engineering.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=69"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}